December 30, 2019

Adventures around BPF

I think (!?) this interesting learning experience started with Envoy Go Extensions.

IIUC, Cilium contributed this mechanism (Envoy Go Extensions) by which it’s possible to extend Envoy using Golang. The documentation references BPF. Cilium and BNF were both unfamiliar technologies to me and so began my learning. This part of the journey concludes with Weave Scope.

I learned that Cilium is a CNI implementation that may be used with Kubernetes. GKE defaults (but is not limited to) to Google’s own CNI implementation (link). From a subsequent brief exploration on CNI, I believe Digital Ocean’s managed Kubernetes service uses Cillium and Linode Kubernetes Engine uses Calico.

December 20, 2019

Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Exporter

Earlier this week I discussed a Linode Prometheus Exporter.

I added metrics for Digital Ocean’s Managed Kubernetes service to @metalmatze’s Digital Ocean Exporter.

This left, metrics for Google Cloud Platform (GCP) which has, for many years, been my primary cloud platform. So, today I wrote Prometheus Exporter for Google Cloud Platform.

All 3 of these exporters follow the template laid down by @metalmatze and, because each of these services has a well-written Golang SDK, it’s straightforward to implement an exporter for each of them.

December 19, 2019

Prometheus AlertManager

Yesterday I discussed a Linode Prometheus Exporter and tantalized use of Prometheus AlertManager.

Success:

Gmail Alert

Configure

The process is straightforward although I found the Prometheus (config) documentation slightly unwieldy to navigate :-(

The overall process is documented.

Here are the steps I took:

Configure Prometheus
Configure AlertManager
Revise Docker Compose

Configure Prometheus

Added the following to prometheus.yml:

rule_files:
- "/etc/alertmanager/rules/linode.yml"

alerting:
  alertmanagers:
    - scheme: http
      static_configs:
        - targets:
            - "alertmanager:9093"

Rules must be defined in separate rules files. See below for the content for linode.yml and an explanation.

December 18, 2019

Linode Prometheus Exporter

I enjoy using Prometheus and have toyed around with it for some time particularly in combination with Kubernetes. I signed up with Linode [referral] compelled by the addition of a managed Kubernetes service called Linode Kubernetes Engine (LKE). I have an anxiety that I’ll inadvertently leave resources running (unused) on a cloud platform. Instead of refreshing the relevant billing page, it struck me that Prometheus may (not yet proven) help.

The hypothesis is that a combination of a cloud-specific Prometheus exporter reporting aggregate uses of e.g. Linodes (instances), NodeBalancers, Kubernetes clusters etc., could form the basis of an alert mechanism using Prometheus’ alerting.

December 11, 2019

NGINX Ingress

I’ve written a couple of deployment options (Google Compute Engine; Kubernetes) for an open-source project. The Kubernetes deployment provides NodePort and (TCP) LoadBalancer options and I’ve been trying (unsuccessfully) to add HTTPS Load-balancing.

I should (!) try to deploy to Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) but I’ve been using microk8s, Digital Ocean Managed Kubernetes and the Linode LKE Beta. Each of these requires an implementation of Ingress controller. For GKE, GCP’s HTTP/S Load-balancer (GCLB) is used. But, for the other services, NGINX Ingress is a good option and so I’ve been exploring NGINX Ingress (Controller) link. This Ingress appears to work except that I’ve been unable to get it to work with mutual TLS between the (NGINX) proxy and my backend services.

September 30, 2019

PyPi Transparency Client (Rust)

I’ve finally being able to hack my way through to a working Rust gRPC client (for PyPi Transparency).

It’s not very good: poorly structured, hacky etc. but it serves the purpose of giving me a foothold into Rust development so that I can evolve it as I learn the language and its practices.

There are several Rust crates (SDK) for gRPC. There’s no sanctioned SDK for Rust on grpc.io.

I chose stepancheg’s grpc-rust because it’s a pure Rust implementation (not built atop the C implementation).

September 26, 2019

PyPi Transparency

I’ve been noodling around with another Trillian personality.

Another in a theme that interests me in providing tamperproof logs for the packages in the popular package management registries.

The Golang team recently announced Go Module Mirror which is built atop Trillian. It seems to me that all the package registries (Go Modules, npm, Maven, NuGet etc.) would benefit from tamperproof logs hosted by a trusted 3rd-party.

As you may have guessed, PyPi Transparency is a log for PyPi packages. PyPi is comprehensive, definitive and trusted but, as with Go Module Mirror, it doesn’t hurt to provide a backup of some of its data. In the case of this solution, Trillian hosts a log of self-calculated SHA-256 hashes for Python packages that are added to it.

September 25, 2019

Run cAdvisor when using Docker Compose

cAdvisor has long been a favorite monitoring tool of mine. I’m using Docker Compose for local testing and have begun including a cAdvisor in my docker-compose.yaml files.

cadvisor:
  restart: always
  image: google/cadvisor:${CADVISOR_VERSION}
  container_name: cadvisor
  # command:
  # - --prometheus_endpoint="/metrics" # Default
  volumes:
    - "/:/rootfs:ro"
    - "/var/run:/var/run:rw"
    - "/sys:/sys:ro"
    - "/var/snap/docker/current:/var/lib/docker:ro" #- "/var/lib/docker/:/var/lib/docker:ro"
  expose:
    - "8080"
  ports:
    - 8080:8080

I’d not realized until recently, that cAdvisor also surfaces a Prometheus metrics endpoint and so, if you do follow this path and you’re also using Prometheus, don’t forget to add cAdvisor to your Prometheus targets.

September 24, 2019

Kubernetes Engine and Free Tier

Google Cloud Platform Free Tier appears (please verify this for yourself) to provide the ability to run a(n admittedly miniscule) Kubernetes cluster for free. So, why do this? It provides a definitive Kubernetes (Engine) experience on Google Cloud Platform that you may use for learning and testing.

Kubernetes Engine the master node(s) and the control plane are free.

Kubernetes (i.e. Compute Engine) nodes potentially incur charges including for the VM runtime and any attached storage, snapshots etc. However, charges for these resources can be partially covered by the Free Tier.

September 18, 2019

Cloud Functions Simple(st) HTTP Multi-host Proxy

Tweaked yesterday’s solution so that it will randomly select one from several hosts with which it’s configured.

package proxy

import (
	"log"
	"math/rand"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"strings"
	"time"
)

func robin() {
	hostsList := os.Getenv("PROXY_HOST")
	if hostsList == "" {
		log.Fatal("'PROXY_HOST' environment variable should contain comma-separated list of hosts")
	}
    // Comma-separated lists of hosts
    hosts := strings.Split(hostsList, ",")
    
    urls := make([]*url.URL, len(hosts))
    for i, host := range hosts {
		var origin = Endpoint{
			Host: host,
			Port: os.Getenv("PROXY_PORT"),
		}
		url, err := origin.URL()
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal(err)
		}
		urls[i] = url
	}

	s := rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
	q := rand.New(s)

	Handler = func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		// Pick one of the URLs at random
		url := urls[q.Int31n(int32(len(urls)))]
		log.Printf("[Handler] Forwarding: %s", url.String())
        // Forward to it
        reverseproxy(url, w, r)
	}
}

This requires a minor tweak to the deployment to escape the commas within the PROXY_HOST string to disambiguate these for gcloud: